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Pyruvate Kinase References

CAS:
9001-59-6
EC:
2.7.1.40
Ainsworth, S. and MacFarlane, N.
A Kinetic Study of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochem J
 131 , 223 , 1973
Anderson, P. and Randall, R.
Comparison of the Subunit and Primary Structures of the Pyruvate Kinases from Rabbit and Sturgeon Muscles ,
Biochem J
 145 , 575 , 1975
Ash, D. , Goodhart, P. and Reed, G.
ATP-Dependent Phosphorylation of alpha-Substituted Carboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Pyruvate Kinase ,
Arch Biochem Biophys
 228 , 31 , 1984
Balinsky, D. , Cayanis, E. and Bersohn, I.
Comparative Kinetic Study of Human Pyruvate Kinases Isolated from Adult and Fetal Livers and From Hepatoma ,
Biochemistry
 12 , 863 , 1973
Baranowska, B. and Baranowski, T.
Kinetic Properties of Human Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
Mol Cell Biochem
 45 , 117 , 1982
Basaez, S. , Bosch, M. , Schafer, H. and Eyzaguirre, J.
Photoaffinity Labeling of Pyruvate Kinase from Rabbit Muscle ,
Arch Biol Med Exp (Chile)
 21 , 123 , 1988
Bergstrom, G. , Ekman, P. , Dahlqvist, U. , Humble, E. and Engstrom, L.
Subtilisin-Catalyzed Removal of Phosphorylated Site of Pig Liver Pyruvate Kinase Without Inactivation of the Enzyme ,
F.E.B.S. Lett.
 56 , 288 , 1975
Betts, G. and Evans, H.
The Effect of Cations on the Electrophoretic Mobility and Substrate Binding Properties of Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 167 , 190 , 1968
Bezares, G. , Eyzaguirre, J. , Hinrichs, M. , Heinrickson, R. , Reardon, I. , Kemp, R. , Latshaw, S. and Bazaes, S.
Isolation and Sequence Determination of an Active Site Peptide of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
Arch Biochem Biophys
 253 , 133 , 1987
Bigley, R. , Koler, R. and Richterich, R.
Regulatory Properties of Three Human Pyruvate Kinases ,
Enzyme
 17 , 297 , 1974
Blumberg, K. and Stubbe, J.
Chemical Specificity of Pyruvate Kinase from Yeast ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 384 , 120 , 1975
Blume, K. , Arnold, H. , Lohr, G. and Beutler, E.
Additional Diagnostic Procedures for the Detection of Abnormal Red Cell Pyruvate Kinase ,
Clin Chim Acta
 43 , 443 , 1973
Boivin, P. and Galand, C.
A Mutant of Human Red Cell Pyruvate Kinase with High Affinity for Phosphoenolpyruvate ,
Enzyme
 18 , 37 , 1974
Bondar, R. and Pon, N.
Purification of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase by CM-Sephadex and Evidence for an Endogenous Inhibitor ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 191 , 743 , 1969
Boyer, P.
Pyruvate Kinase ,
Enzyme
 6 , 95 , 1962
Boyer, P.
The Inhibition of Pyruvate Kinase by ATP: A Mg++ Buffer System for Use in Enzyme Studies ,
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
 34 , 702 , 1969
Brevet, A. , Roustan, C. , Pradel, L. and von Thoai, N.
Muscle Pyruvate Kinase: Interaction with Substrates and Analogues Studied by Difference Spectroscopy. Comparative Studies of the Substrate-Binding Sites of Various ATP Phosphotransferases ,
Eur J Biochem
 52 , 345 , 1975
BŸcher, T. and Pfleiderer, G.
Pyruvate Kinase from Muscle , Methods in Enzymology Vol. 1 , S. Colowick and N. Kaplan , Academic Press, NY , 435 , 1955
Caradenas, M. , Blachly, E. , Ceccotti, P. and Dyson, R.
Properties of Chicken Skeletal Muscle Pyruvate Kinase and a Proposal for Its Evolutionary Relationship to the Other Avian and Mammalian Isozymes ,
Biochemistry
 14 , 2247 , 1975
Cardenas, J. , Strandholm, J. and Miller, J.
Effects of Phenylalanine and Alanine on the Kinetics of Bovine Pyruvate Kinase Isozymes ,
Biochemistry
 14 , 4041 , 1975
Chern, C. and Black, J.
The Action of Proteolytic Enzymes on Human Erythrocyte Pyruvate Kinase ,
Arch Biochem Biophys
 100 , 466 , 1975
Chern, C. , Rittenberg, M. and Black, J.
Purification of Human Erythrocyte Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 247 , 7173 , 1972
Consler, T. , Jennewein, M. , Cai, G. and Lee, J.
Energetics of Allosteric Regulation in Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 31 , 7870 , 1992
Cottam, G. , Hollenberg, P. and Coon, M.
Subunit Structure of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 244 , 1481 , 1969
Davidoff, F. and Carr, S.
Interaction of Triethyltin with Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 12 , 1415 , 1973
Davies, G. and Kaplan, J.
Use of a Diimidoester Cross-Linking Reagent to Examine the Subunit Structure of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
Can J Biochem
 50 , 416 , 1972
Dillon, P. and Clark, J.
The Theory of Diazymes and Functional Coupling of Pyruvate Kinase and Creatine Kinase ,
J Theor Biol
 143 , 275 , 1990
Dougherty, T. and Cleland, W.
pH Studies on the Chemical Mechanism of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase. 1. Alternate Substrates Oxalacetate, Glycolate, Hydroxylamine and Fluoride ,
Biochemistry
 24 , 5870 , 1985
Dougherty, T. and Cleland, W.
pH Studies on the Chemical Mechanism of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase. 2. Physiological Substrates and Phosphoenol-alpha-ketobuytrate ,
Biochemistry
 24 , 5875 , 1985
Dyson, R. and Cardenas, J.
Bovine Pyruvate Kinases. III. Hybrids of the Liver and Skeletal Muscle Isozymes ,
J Biol Chem
 248 , 8482 , 1973
Erhard, K. and Davis, R.
Phosphoenolpyruvate Hydrolase Activity of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 250 , 5945 , 1975
Faulkner, A. and Jones, C.
Pyruvate Kinase Isoenzymes in Tissues of the Developing Guinea Pig ,
Arch Biochem Biophys
 170 , 228 , 1975
Faulkner, A. and Jones, C.
Pyruvate Kinase Isoenzymes in Tissues of the Human Fetus ,
F.E.B.S. Lett.
 53 , 167 , 1975
Feliiu, J. , Gil-Diaz, J. , Canero-Garcia, R. and Gosalvez, M.
Interconvertible Forms of Class-A Pyruvate Kinase From Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells ,
F.E.B.S. Lett.
 50 , 334 , 1975
Fell, D. , Liddle, P. , Peacocke, A. and Dwek, R.
The Preparation and Properties of Pyruvate Kinase from Yeast ,
Biochem J
 139 , 665 , 1974
Fishbein, R. , Benkovic, P. and Benkovic, S.
The Anomeric Specificity of Yeast Pyruvate Kinase Toward Activation by D-Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate ,
Biochemistry
 14 , 4060 , 1975
Flashner, M. , Hollenberg, P. and Coon, M.
Mechanism of Action of Pyruvate Kinase. Role of Sulfhydryl Groups in Catalytic Activity as Determined by Disulfide Interchange ,
J Biol Chem
 247 , 8114 , 1972
Flashner, M. , Tamir, I. , Mildvan, A. , Meloche, H. and Coon, M.
Magnetic Resonance and Catalytic Studies of Pyruvate Kinase with Essential Sulfhydryl or Lysyl epsilon-Amino Groups Chemically Modified ,
J Biol Chem
 248 , 3419 , 1973
Flory, W. , Peczon, B. , Koeppe, R. and Spivey, H.
Kinetic Properties of Rat Liver Pyruvate Kinase at Cellular Concentrations of Enzyme Substrates and Modifiers ,
Biochem J
 141 , 127 , 1974
Giles, I. , Poat, P. and Munday, K.
A Kinetic Analysis of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase in the Reverse Direction ,
Biochem Soc Trans
 3 , 312 , 1975
Giles, I. , Poat, P. and Munday, K.
A Kinetic Analysis of the Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate-Activated Pyruvate Kinase from the Hepatopancreas of Carcinus maenas ,
Biochem Soc Trans
 3 , 714 , 1975
Hassett, A. , Blattler, W. and Knowles, J.
Pyruvate Kinase: Is the Mechanism of Phospho Transfer Associative or Dissociative? ,
Biochemistry
 21 , 6335 , 1982
Hinrichs, M. and Eyzaguirre, J.
Affinity Labeling of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase with Dialdehyde-ADP ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 704 , 177 , 1982
Hohnadel, D. and Cooper, C.
The Effect of Structural Alternations on the Reactivity of the Nucleotide Substrate of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
F.E.B.S. Lett.
 30 , 18 , 1973
Holmsen, H. and Storm, E.
The Adenosine Triphosphate Inhibition of the Pyruvate Kinase Reaction and Its Dependence on the Total Magnesium Ion Concentration ,
Biochem J
 112 , 303 , 1969
Hoving, H. , Crysell, B. and Leadlay, P.
Fluorine NMR Studies on Stereochemical Aspects of Reactions Catalyzed by Transcarboxylase, Pyruvate Kinase and Enzyme I ,
Biochemistry
 24 , 6163 , 1985
Hubbard, D. and Cardenas, J.
Kinetic Properties of Pyruvate Kinase Hybrids Formed with Native Type L and Inactivated Type M Subunits ,
J Biol Chem
 250 , 4931 , 1975
Irving, M. and Williams, J.
Kinetic Studies on the Regulation of Rabbit Liver Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochem J
 131 , 287 , 1973
Izbicka-Dimitrijevic, E. , Dimitrijevic, B. and Kochman, M.
A Kinetic Analysis of the Distinct Regulatory Sites on Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 703 , 101 , 1982
Johnson, G. and Deal, W.
Inactivation of Tetrameric Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase by Specific Binding of 2 to 4 Moles of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate ,
J Biol Chem
 245 , 238 , 1970
Johnson, M. and Veneziale, C.
Concentration of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Pyruvate Kinase Determined by Specific Radioimmunoassay ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 611 , 127 , 1980
Johnston, I.
Pyruvate Kinase from the Red Skeletal Musculature of the Carp ,
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
 63 , 115 , 1975
Kapetanovic, E. , Bailey, J. and Coleman, R.
2-[(4-Bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]adenosine 5'-monophosphate, a New Nucleotide Analogue that Acts as an Affinity Label of Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 24 , 7586 , 1985
Kapoor, M.
Subunit Structure and Some Properties of Pyruvate Kinase of Neurospora ,
Can J Biochem
 53 , 109 , 1975
Kapoor, M.
The Effect of Ligands on the Interaction of 8-Anilino-1-Naphthalene Sulfonate with Pyruvate Kinase of Neurospora ,
F.E.B.S. Lett.
 36 , 297 , 1973
Kayne, F. and Price, N.
Conformational Changes in the Allosteric Inhibition of Muscle Pyruvate Kinase by Phenylalanine ,
Biochemistry
 11 , 4415 , 1972
Kayne, F. and Suelter, C.
Effects of Temperature, Substrate, and Activating Cations on the Conformation of Pyruvate Kinase in Aqueous Solutions ,
J Am Chem Soc
 87 , 897 , 1965
Kayne, F. and Suelter, C.
The Temperature Dependent Conformational Transitions of Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 7 , 1678 , 1968
Kayne, F.
Pyruvate Kinase Catalyzed Phosphorylation of Glycolate ,
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
 59 , 8 , 1974
Kayne, F.
Pyruvate Kinase , The Enzymes, 3rd Ed. Vol. 8A , P. Boyer , Academic Press, NY , 353 , 1973
Kemp, R.
Inhibition of Muscle Pyruvate Kinase by Creatine Phosphate ,
J Biol Chem
 248 , 3963 , 1973
Koster, J. , Slee, R. , Staal,G. and van Berkel, T.
The Influence of Glucose 1,6-Diphosphate on the Enzymatic Activity of Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 258 , 763 , 1972
Kwan, C. , Erhard, K. and Davis, R.
Spectral Properties of Co(II)- and Ni(II)-Activated Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 250 , 5951 , 1975
Lerman, C. and Cohn, M.
31P NMR Quantitation of the Displacement of Equilibria of Arginine, Creatine, Pyruvate, and 3-P-Glycerate Kinase Reactions by Substitution of Sulfur for Oxygen in the beta Phosphate of ATP ,
J Biol Chem
 255 , 8756 , 1980
MacDonald, M. and Chang, C.
Pancreatic Islets Contain the M2 Isozyme of Pyruvate Kinase. Its Phosphorylation has no Effect on Enzyme Activity ,
Mol Cell Biochem
 68 , 115 , 1985
McPherson, A. and Rich, A.
Preliminary X-ray Study of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase (and addendum) ,
J Biol Chem
 247 , 1334 , 1972
Melamud, E. and Mildvan, A.
Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Interaction of Co2+ and Phosphoenolpyruvate with Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 250 , 8193 , 1975
Mildvan, A. and Cohn, M.
Kinetic and Magnetic Resonance Studies of Pyruvate Kinase. III. The Enzyme-Metal-Phosphoryl Bridge Complex in the Fluorokinase Reaction ,
Biochemistry
 6 , 1805 , 1967
Mildvan, A. and Cohn, M.
Kinetic and Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Pyruvate Kinase Reaction. II. Complexes of Enzyme, Metal, and Substrates ,
J Biol Chem
 241 , 1178 , 1966
Mildvan, A. and Cohn, M.
Kinetic and Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Pyruvate Kinase Reaction. I. Divalent Metal Complexes of Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 240 , 238 , 1965
Muirhead, H. and Stammers, D.
Structure of Cat Muscle Pyruvate Kinase at .06nm (6Ã…) Resolution ,
Biochem Soc Trans
 2 , 49 , 1974
Muirhead, H.
Isoenzymes of Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochem Soc Trans
 18 , 193 , 1990
Nakashima, K.
Further Evidence of Molecular Alteration and Aberration of Erythrocyte Pyruvate Kinase ,
Clin Chim Acta
 55 , 245 , 1974
Ng, S. and Hamilton, I.
Purification and Regulatory Properties of Pyruvate Kinase from Veillonella parvula ,
J Bacteriol
 122 , 1274 , 1975
Nicholas, P. and Bachelard, H.
Kinetic Properties of Cerebral Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochem J
 141 , 165 , 1974
Nowak, T. and Mildvan, A.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Function of Potassium in the Mechanism of Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 11 , 2819 , 1972
Nowak, T. and Suelter, C.
Pyruvate Kinase: Activation by and Catalytic Role of the Monovalent and Divalent Cations ,
Mol Cell Biochem
 35 , 65 , 1981
Nowak, T. and Mildvan, A.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Selectively Hindered Internal Notion of Substrate Analogs at the Active Site of Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 11 , 2813 , 1972
Oberfelder, R. , Lee, L. and Lee, J.
Thermodynamic Linkages in Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase: Kinetic Equilibrium and Structural Studies ,
Biochemistry
 23 , 3813 , 1984
Peterson, J. , Chern, C. , Harkins, R. and Black, J.
The Subunit Structure of Human Muscle and Human Erythrocyte Pyruvate Kinase Isozymes ,
F.E.B.S. Lett.
 49 , 73 , 1974
Philips, T. , Kosicki, G. and Schmidt, D.
Stereoselective Reduction of Pyruvate by Sodium Borohydride Catalyzed by Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 293 , 125 , 1973
Pilkis, S. , El-Maghrabi, M. , Coven, B. and Claus, T.
Phosphorylation of Rat Hepatic Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase and Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 255 , 2770 , 1980
Plaxton, W. and Storey, K.
Purification and Properties of Aerobic and Anoxic Forms of Pyruvate Kinase from Red Muscle Tissue of the Channelled Welk, Busycotypus canaliculatum ,
Eur J Biochem
 143 , 257 , 1984
Pon, N. and Bondar, R.
A Direct Spectrophotometric Assay for Pyruvate Kinase ,
Anal Biochem
 19 , 272 , 1967
Porter, D. , Ash, D. and Bright, H.
Pyruvate Kinase Catalyzed Phosphorylation of 3-Nitro-2-Hydroxypropionate by ATP and Concomitant Inactivation of the Enzyme ,
Arch Biochem Biophys
 222 , 200 , 1983
Randall, R. and Anderson, P.
Purification and Properties of the Pyruvate Kinase of Sturgeon Muscle ,
Biochem J
 145 , 569 , 1975
Reed, G. and Morgan, S.
Kinetic and Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Interaction of Oxalate with Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 13 , 3537 , 1974
Reynard, A. , Hass, L. , Jacobsen, D. and Boyer, P.
The Correlation of Reaction Kinetics and Substrate Binding with the Mechanism of Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 236 , 2277 , 1961
Robinson, J. and Rose, I.
The Proton Transfer Reactions of Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 247 , 1096 , 1972
Saheki, S. , Saheki, K. and Tanaka, T.
Peptide Structures of Pyruvate Kinase Isozymes. 1. Comparison of the Four Pyruvate Kinase Isozymes of the Rat ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 704 , 484 , 1982
Saheki, S. , Saheki, K. , Tanaka, T. and Tanaka, T.
Peptide Structures of Pyruvate Kinase Isozymes. 2. Origins of Types M1 and M2 Isozymes Suggested from Species-Variations in Their Peptide Maps ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 704 , 494 , 1982
Sakai, H. , Suzuki, K. and Imahori, K.
Purification and Properties of Pyruvate Kinase from Bacillus stearothermophilus ,
J. Biochem.
 99 , 1157 , 1986
Schmidtbase, K. , Buchbinder, J. , Reed, G. and Rayment, I.
Crystallization and Preliminary Analysis of Enzyme-Substrate Complexes of Pyruvate Kinase from Rabbit Muscle ,
Proteins, Structure Function & Genetics
 11 , 153 , 1991
Schulz, J. , Sparmann, G. and Hofmann, E.
Alanine-Mediated Reversible Inactivation of Tumour Pyruvate Kinase Caused by a Tetramer Dimer Transition ,
F.E.B.S. Lett.
 50 , 346 , 1975
Smith, S. and Freedland, R.
Activation of Pyruvate Kinase by 6-Phosphogluconate ,
J Biol Chem
 254 , 10645 , 1979
Spellman, C. and Fottrell, P.
Similarities Between Pyruvate Kinase From Human Placenta and Tumour ,
F.E.B.S. Lett.
 37 , 281 , 1973
Spivey, H. , Flory, W. , Peczon, B. , Chandler, J. and Koeppe, R.
Kinetics of the Activation of Rat Liver Pyruvate Kinase by Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate and Methods for Characterizing Hysteretic Transitions ,
Biochem J
 141 , 119 , 1974
Steinmetz, M. and Deal, W.
Metabolic Control and Structure of Glycolytic Enzymes. III. Dissociation and Subunit Structure of Rabbit Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 5 , 1399 , 1966
Strandholm, J. , Cardenas, J. and Dyson, R.
Pyruvate Kinase Isozymes in Adult and Fetal Tissues of Chicken ,
Biochemistry
 14 , 2242 , 1975
Stubbe, J. and Kenyon, G.
Analogs of Phosphoenolpyruvate. Substrate of Enolase and Pyruvate Kinase from Rabbit Muscle ,
Biochemistry
 11 , 338 , 1972
Suelter, C. and Melander, W.
Use of Protein Difference Spectrophotometry to Determine Enzyme-Cofactor Dissociation Constants ,
J Biol Chem
 238 , PC4108 , 1963
Suelter, C. , Singleton, R. , Kayne, F. , Arrington, S. , Glass, J. and Mildvan, A.
Studies on the Interaction of Substrate and Monovalent and Divalent Cations with Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 5 , 131 , 1966
Suelter, C.
Effects of Temperature and Activating Cations on the Fluorescence of Pyruvate Kinase ,
Biochemistry
 6 , 418 , 1967
Tanphaichitr, V. and Van Eys, J.
The Assay of Pyruvate Kinase Activity in Blood Cells ,
Clin Chim Acta
 41 , 41 , 1972
Thomas, J. , Reuben, J. and Cohn, M.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Binding of Phosphoenolpyruvate and Phosphoenol-alpha-ketobutyrate to Manganese Pyruvate Kinase. Temperature, Frequency, and Monovalent Cation Dependence of Water Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Rates ,
J Biol Chem
 248 , 6443 , 1973
Tietz, A. and Ochoa, S.
Pyruvate Kinase , Methods in Enzymology Vol. 5 , S. Colowick and N. Kaplan , Academic Press, NY , 365 , 1962
Tietz, A. and Ochoa, S.
"Fluorokinase" and Pyruvic Kinase ,
Arch Biochem Biophys
 78 , 477 , 1958
Tipton, P. , McCracken, J. , Cornelius, J. and Peisach, J.
Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation Studies of Pyruvate Kinase Active-Site Complexes ,
Biochemistry
 28 , 5720 , 1989
Tornheim, K. and Lowenstein, J.
Creatine Phosphate Inhibition of Heart Lactate Dehydrogenase and Muscle Pyruvate Kinase is Due to a Contaminant ,
J Biol Chem
 254 , 10586 , 1979
Tsutsumi, E. and Takenaka, F.
Inhibition of Pyruvate Kinase by Free Fatty Acids in Rat Heart Muscle ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 171 , 355 , 1969
van Berkel, J. and Koster, J.
M-Type Pyruvate Kinase of Leukocytes: An Allosteric Enzyme ,
Biochim Biophys Acta
 293 , 134 , 1973
Warner, R. , Evans, H. and Becker, R.
The Effect of Univalent Cation Salts on the Stability and on Certain Physical Properties of Pyruvate Kinase ,
J Biol Chem
 242 , 3825 , 1967
Weiss, P. , Hermes, J. , Dougherty, T. and Cleland, W.
N-Hydroxycarbamate Is the Substrate for the Pyruvate Kinase Catalyzed Phosphorylation of Hydroxylamine ,
Biochemistry
 23 , 4346 , 1984
Wood, T.
The Inhibition of Pyruvate Kinase by ATP ,
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
 31 , 779 , 1968